{"id":1609,"date":"2025-11-10T03:33:04","date_gmt":"2025-11-10T03:33:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/?p=1609"},"modified":"2025-11-10T03:33:23","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T03:33:23","slug":"giai-thich-bo-luat-dan-su-philippines-phan-05-tong-quan-ve-che-do-trach-nhiem-dan-su","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/?p=1609","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch\u00a0B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines \u2013 Ph\u1ea7n 05: T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1609\" class=\"elementor elementor-1609\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-765d4c3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"765d4c3f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-26614a88\" data-id=\"26614a88\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cb8775a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cb8775a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.14.0 - 18-06-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\">T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 : Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 \u0110an (Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam)<\/p><p>B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines (Civil Code of the Philippines) trong Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u2013 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u2013 T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u2013 C\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u2013 Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1.\u00a0B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0: c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, qua \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t khung nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c.<\/p><p><strong><b>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/b><\/strong><\/p><ol><li><b><\/b><strong><b>Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 1156 c\u1ee7a <\/b><\/strong><strong><em><b><i>B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines<\/i><\/b><\/em><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u201cObligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do.\u201d<\/p><p>Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n giao, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u00a0m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (civil liability)\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/p><p>Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Philippines, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u00a0l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu khi vi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c do h\u00e0nh vi (c\u1ed1 \u00fd ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 \u00fd)\u00a0c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p><ol start=\"2\"><li><strong><b> Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 1157 c\u1ee7a <\/b><\/strong><strong><em><b><i>B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines<\/i><\/b><\/em><\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p><em><i>\u201cObligations arise from:<\/i><\/em><em><i><br \/><\/i><\/em><em><i>\u2013 Law;<\/i><\/em><em><i><br \/><\/i><\/em><em><i>\u2013 Contracts;<\/i><\/em><em><i><br \/><\/i><\/em><em><i>\u2013 Quasi-contracts;<\/i><\/em><em><i><br \/><\/i><\/em><em><i>\u2013 Acts or omissions punished by law;<\/i><\/em><em><i><br \/><\/i><\/em><em><i>\u2013 Quasi-delicts.\u201d<\/i><\/em><\/p><p>T\u1eeb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u00a0kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (tort\/quasi-delict), qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n (negotiorum gestio), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd (unjust enrichment), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1.<\/p><p>N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u00a0\u1edf Philippines c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p><p><strong><b>Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m do x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (Torts \/ Quasi-Delicts)<\/b><\/strong><\/p><ol><li><b><\/b><strong><b>Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/b><\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u 2176 c\u1ee7a <em><i>B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines<\/i><\/em>\u00a0x\u00e1c l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cquasi-delict\u201d (h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng), v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p><p><em><i>\u201cB\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai, do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, khi c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sinh khi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quasi-delict.\u201d<\/i><\/em><\/p><p>Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, khi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi do l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 su\u1ea5t\u00a0g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p><p>Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u201ctr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d\u00a0hay \u201ctr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m\u201d\u00a0trong B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m\u201d.<\/p><ol start=\"2\"><li><strong><b> C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m do h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m <\/b><\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p><strong><b>\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>, c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau:<\/b><\/strong><\/p><p>&#8211; C\u00f3 l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3\u00a0c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i (Fault or Negligence);<\/p><p>&#8211; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u00a0(Damage);<\/p><p>&#8211; C\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp\u00a0gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i (Causal Connection);<\/p><p>&#8211; Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng\u00a0(Non-contractual).<\/p><p>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cquasi-delict\u201d\u00a0trong lu\u1eadt Philippines b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt T\u00e2y Ban Nha, c\u00f3 n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u201ctort\u201d\u00a0trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt Anh \u2013 M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a cao h\u01a1n.<\/p><h3><strong><b>Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m do vi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng (Breach of Contract)<\/b><\/strong><\/h3><p>Khi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft, th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 do vi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p><p>Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 1170 \u2013 B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines:<\/p><p><em><i>\u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi gian d\u1ed1i, c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3, ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 ho\u1eb7c vi ph\u1ea1m n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/i><\/em><\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi b\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5\u00a0th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gian d\u1ed1i, ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5, s\u01a1 su\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c vi ph\u1ea1m b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i\u00a0cho b\u00ean kia.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng vi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p g\u1ed3m:<\/p><p>&#8211; Ch\u1eadm th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5\u00a0(<em><i>Delay<\/i><\/em>);<\/p><p>&#8211; Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang cam k\u1ebft\u00a0(<em><i>Improper or incomplete performance<\/i><\/em>);<\/p><p>&#8211; Vi ph\u1ea1m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u00a0l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng (<em><i>Fundamental breach<\/i><\/em>).<\/p><p>Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m do vi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng\u00a0l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi vi ph\u1ea1m\u00a0v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p><p><strong><b>C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd<\/b><\/strong><\/p><p><em><i>B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines<\/i><\/em>\u00a0quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p><p><strong><b>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/b><\/strong><\/p><p><strong><b>Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Actual ho\u1eb7c Compensatory Damages)<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><br \/>L\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u\u00a0l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, nh\u1eb1m b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i.<\/p><p><strong><b>Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n (Moral Damages)<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0\u2013 theo <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0110i\u1ec1u 2217<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><br \/>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 danh d\u1ef1, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, uy t\u00edn ho\u1eb7c tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p><p><strong><b>B\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t (Exemplary ho\u1eb7c Punitive Damages)<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0\u2013 theo <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u0110i\u1ec1u 2229<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><br \/>Ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00e1c \u00fd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, nh\u1eb1m r\u0103n \u0111e v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n.<\/p><p><strong><b>B\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng (Nominal Damages)<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><br \/>D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p><p><strong><b>B\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Temperate ho\u1eb7c Moderate Damages)<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>:<\/b><\/strong><br \/>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng khi thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n s\u1ebd \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng.<\/p><ol start=\"2\"><li><strong><b> Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>Khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng g\u00e2y ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i, <em><i>\u0110i\u1ec1u 2194 B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines<\/i><\/em>\u00a0quy \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p><p><em><i>\u201cTr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a hai hay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m (quasi-delict) l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi.\u201d<\/i><\/em><\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m trong h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9\u00a0theo t\u00f2a \u00e1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p><h3>Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i (Civil Liability Arising from Crime)<\/h3><p>Khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi v\u1eeba c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 k\u00e8m theo.<\/p><p>Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 2177 B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines:<\/p><p><em><i>\u201cTr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 theo \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i theo B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1.\u201d<\/i><\/em><\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, d\u00f9 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 song song t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, mang l\u1ea1i hai k\u00eanh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u00a0cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i.<\/p><h3><strong><b>C\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 mi\u1ec5n tr\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/strong><\/h3><p>Trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Philippines, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m\u00a0n\u1ebfu r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau:<\/p><p>&#8211; B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ng (Force Majeure)\u00a0\u2013 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi;<\/p><p>&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng (Self-Defense)\u00a0\u2013 h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u1ecfi nguy c\u01a1 x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i;<\/p><p>&#8211; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro (Volenti Non Fit Injuria);<\/p><p>&#8211; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng (Contributory Negligence)\u00a0\u2013 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>T\u00f2a \u00e1n s\u1ebd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p><h3><strong><b>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/b><\/strong><\/h3><p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Philippines\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean <em><i>B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/i><\/em>, l\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201cg\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d\u00a0l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p><p>Th\u00f4ng qua ba c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh \u2013 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m do vi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m do h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 k\u00e8m theo tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1\u00a0\u2013 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Philippines b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i\u00a0m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/p><p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u1eeba mang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n (civil law), v\u1eeba k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p linh ho\u1ea1t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 \u00e1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cao\u00a0trong b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p><p>\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><b>Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/b><\/strong><\/p><p>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p sao ch\u00e9p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ed9i dung v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 video\u00a0(n\u1ebfu c\u00f3)\u00a0trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y khi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u chia s\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi\u00a0ph\u1ea3i\u00a0ghi r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 khi chia s\u1ebb.<\/p><p>N\u1ed9i dung\u00a0c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a\u00a0Chi nh\u00e1nh V\u0103n Ph\u00f2ng Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Ying Ke Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 B\u1eafc Kinh t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\u00a0ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n\u00a0h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3\u00a0t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p><p>\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p><p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o\u00a0n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1ea1i\u00a0vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p><p>Chi nh\u00e1nh V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Yingke th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 B\u1eafc Kinh t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: L\u00f4 A1L3-04+05, t\u00f2a A1 D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Ecolife Capitol, 58 T\u1ed1 H\u1eefu, ph\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ec5 Tr\u00ec, Qu\u1eadn Nam T\u1eeb Li\u00eam, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i<\/p><p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean h\u1ec7: Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Zhang Zhi Dan<\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i: + 84 859600354\uff08Vi\u1ec7t Nam\uff09<\/p><p>Zalo: \u00a0(+86)13481033546<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 : Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 \u0110an (Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam) B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines (Civil Code of the Philippines) trong Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u2013 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u2013 T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u2013 C\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c x\u00e1c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1609","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dau-tu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1609","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1609"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1609\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1612,"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1609\/revisions\/1612"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1609"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1609"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yingkevietnam.com.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1609"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}